/* === PHYSL 210 — per-topic organization (AUTO-GENERATED by audit/_gen_data_topics.js) === Additive & idempotent. Loaded LAST (after data-exams-extra.jsx, before app-shell.jsx). Defines window.TOPICS (taxonomy = lecture titles), window.TOPIC_NOTES (study notes grouped by topic, for the "Study notes" jump), window.SOURCE_NOTES_TOPIC (section id -> topicId), and stamps item.topic / item.topicId onto every card & question (FLASHCARDS, QUESTIONS, TEXTBOOK_QUESTIONS, PRACTICE_PAPERS) by a stable normalized key. Source quizzes/notes are left untouched. */ const TOPICS = { "cell": [ { "id": "introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane", "label": "Introduction to Cell Physiology & Membrane Composition", "idx": 0, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "cell-junctions", "label": "Cell Junctions", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "cell-organelles-i-nucleus-er-and", "label": "Cell Organelles I — Nucleus, ER & Golgi", "idx": 2, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and", "label": "Cell Organelles II — Lysosomes, Mitochondria & Cytoskeleton", "idx": 3, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "membrane-transport", "label": "Membrane Transport", "idx": 4, "recs": 7 }, { "id": "signal-transduction", "label": "Signal Transduction", "idx": 5, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Cell — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "blood": [ { "id": "blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis", "label": "Blood Basics, Plasma & Hematopoiesis", "idx": 0, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia", "label": "Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Anaemia", "idx": 1, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity", "label": "White Blood Cells & Innate Immunity", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "inflammation-and-phagocytosis", "label": "Inflammation & Phagocytosis", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity", "label": "Complement, B Cells & Acquired Immunity", "idx": 4, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "platelets-and-haemostasis", "label": "Platelets & Haemostasis", "idx": 5, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups", "label": "Coagulation Cascade & Blood Groups", "idx": 6, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Blood — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "nms": [ { "id": "introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and", "label": "Introduction to the Nervous System & Neuron Structure", "idx": 0, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "resting-membrane-potential", "label": "Resting Membrane Potential", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "the-action-potential-generation-and-phases", "label": "The Action Potential — Generation & Phases", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission", "label": "Conduction, Myelination & Synaptic Transmission", "idx": 3, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration", "label": "Chemical Synapses & Synaptic Integration", "idx": 4, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction", "label": "Muscle, the NMJ & Excitation–Contraction Coupling", "idx": 5, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre", "label": "Cross-bridge Cycling & Muscle Fibre Types", "idx": 6, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "NMS — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "cns": [ { "id": "organisation-of-brain-and-cord", "label": "Organisation of brain & cord", "idx": 0, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "spinal-tracts", "label": "Spinal tracts", "idx": 1, "recs": 2 }, { "id": "higher-order-processing", "label": "Higher-order processing", "idx": 2, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "memory-emotion-and-motivation", "label": "Memory, emotion & motivation", "idx": 3, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "sleep-and-consciousness", "label": "Sleep & consciousness", "idx": 4, "recs": 7 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "CNS — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "ans": [ { "id": "sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy", "label": "Sympathetic & parasympathetic anatomy", "idx": 0, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects", "label": "Neurotransmitters & organ effects", "idx": 1, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "ANS — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "ss": [ { "id": "somatosensation-and-receptors", "label": "Somatosensation & receptors", "idx": 0, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "vision-and-phototransduction", "label": "Vision & phototransduction", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "hearing-and-the-cochlea", "label": "Hearing & the cochlea", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Senses — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "cardio": [ { "id": "hemodynamics", "label": "Hemodynamics", "idx": 0, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers", "label": "The cardiac cycle & Wiggers", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "cardiac-action-potentials", "label": "Cardiac action potentials", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "conduction-system-and-ecg", "label": "Conduction system & ECG", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "heart-valves-and-sounds", "label": "Heart valves & sounds", "idx": 4, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "blood-pressure-regulation", "label": "Blood-pressure regulation", "idx": 5, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "vessels-and-capillary-exchange", "label": "Vessels & capillary exchange", "idx": 6, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Cardio — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "gi": [ { "id": "gi-organisation-and-motility", "label": "GI organisation & motility", "idx": 0, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "mouth-saliva-and-swallowing", "label": "Mouth, saliva & swallowing", "idx": 1, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "stomach-and-gastric-secretion", "label": "Stomach & gastric secretion", "idx": 2, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "pancreas-liver-and-bile", "label": "Pancreas, liver & bile", "idx": 3, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption", "label": "Small-intestine digestion & absorption", "idx": 4, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "large-intestine-and-water-balance", "label": "Large intestine & water balance", "idx": 5, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "regulation-of-gi-activity", "label": "Regulation of GI activity", "idx": 6, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "GI — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "resp": [ { "id": "functional-anatomy-and-zones", "label": "Functional anatomy & zones", "idx": 0, "recs": 7 }, { "id": "mechanics-and-pressures", "label": "Mechanics & pressures", "idx": 1, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "surfactant-and-compliance", "label": "Surfactant & compliance", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "lung-volumes-and-spirometry", "label": "Lung volumes & spirometry", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "gas-exchange-and-v-q", "label": "Gas exchange & V/Q", "idx": 4, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "o-and-co-transport", "label": "O₂ & CO₂ transport", "idx": 5, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "control-of-breathing", "label": "Control of breathing", "idx": 6, "recs": 2 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Resp — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "renal": [ { "id": "the-nephron", "label": "The nephron", "idx": 0, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "glomerular-filtration", "label": "Glomerular filtration", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion", "label": "Tubular reabsorption & secretion", "idx": 2, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "salt-and-water-balance", "label": "Salt & water balance", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "medullary-gradient-and-concentration", "label": "Medullary gradient & concentration", "idx": 4, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "k-and-acid-base-balance", "label": "K⁺ & acid–base balance", "idx": 5, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "glucose-handling-and-diabetes", "label": "Glucose handling & diabetes", "idx": 6, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Renal — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "endo": [ { "id": "hormone-classes-and-action", "label": "Hormone classes & action", "idx": 0, "recs": 7 }, { "id": "hypothalamus-and-pituitary", "label": "Hypothalamus & pituitary", "idx": 1, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "thyroid-gland", "label": "Thyroid gland", "idx": 2, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "adrenal-gland-and-stress", "label": "Adrenal gland & stress", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "pancreas-and-glucose", "label": "Pancreas & glucose", "idx": 4, "recs": 5 }, { "id": "calcium-and-phosphate", "label": "Calcium & phosphate", "idx": 5, "recs": 6 }, { "id": "endocrine-disorders", "label": "Endocrine disorders", "idx": 6, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Endo — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ], "repro": [ { "id": "sex-determination-and-differentiation", "label": "Sex determination & differentiation", "idx": 0, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis", "label": "Male reproduction & spermatogenesis", "idx": 1, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "female-cycle-and-menstruation", "label": "Female cycle & menstruation", "idx": 2, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "control-of-ovarian-function", "label": "Control of ovarian function", "idx": 3, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "pregnancy-and-fertilisation", "label": "Pregnancy & fertilisation", "idx": 4, "recs": 3 }, { "id": "parturition-and-lactation", "label": "Parturition & lactation", "idx": 5, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "puberty-and-menopause", "label": "Puberty & menopause", "idx": 6, "recs": 4 }, { "id": "overview", "label": "Repro — Overview / cross-cutting", "idx": 99, "recs": 0 } ] }; const TOPIC_NOTES = {"cell":[{"topicId":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","label":"Introduction to Cell Physiology & Membrane Composition","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-1--introduction-to-cell-physiology","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 1: Introduction to Cell Physiology"},{"id":"lecture-1-recording-2--composition-of-biological-membranes","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 2: Composition of Biological Membranes"}]},{"topicId":"cell-junctions","label":"Cell Junctions","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-3--cell-junctions","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 3: Cell Junctions"}]},{"topicId":"cell-organelles-i-nucleus-er-and","label":"Cell Organelles I — Nucleus, ER & Golgi","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-4--cell-organelles","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 4: Cell Organelles"}]},{"topicId":"cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and","label":"Cell Organelles II — Lysosomes, Mitochondria & Cytoskeleton","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-5--more-cell-organelles","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 5: More Cell Organelles"}]},{"topicId":"membrane-transport","label":"Membrane Transport","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-2-recording-6--vesicular-transport","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 6: Vesicular Transport"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-7--driving-forces-for-non-vesicular-tran","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 7: Driving Forces for Non-vesicular Transport"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-8--movement-of-molecules-across-membrane","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 8: Movement of Molecules Across Membranes"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-9--membrane-transport-proteins-and-facil","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 9: Membrane Transport Proteins and Facilitated Diffusion"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-10--membrane-transport-proteins-and-acti","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 10: Membrane Transport Proteins and Active Transport"}]},{"topicId":"signal-transduction","label":"Signal Transduction","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-3-recording-11--signal-transduction","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 11: Signal Transduction"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-12--membrane-bound-receptors","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 12: Membrane-bound Receptors"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-13--more-membrane-bound-receptors","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 13: More Membrane-bound Receptors"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-14--g-proteins-and-second-messenger-syst","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 14: G-proteins and Second Messenger Systems"}]}],"blood":[{"topicId":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","label":"Blood Basics, Plasma & Hematopoiesis","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-1--basic-facts","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 1: Basic Facts"},{"id":"lecture-1-recording-2--plasma","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 2: Plasma"},{"id":"lecture-1-recording-3--blood-cell-types-and-hematopoiesis","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 3: Blood Cell Types and Hematopoiesis"}]},{"topicId":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","label":"Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Anaemia","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-4--red-blood-cells","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 4: Red Blood Cells"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-5--factors-affecting-rbc-production","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 5: Factors Affecting RBC Production"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-6--anemia","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 6: Anemia"}]},{"topicId":"white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity","label":"White Blood Cells & Innate Immunity","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-2-recording-7--anemia","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 7: Anemia"}]},{"topicId":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","label":"Inflammation & Phagocytosis","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-3-recording-8--inflammation","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 8: Inflammation"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-9--cellular-events-associated-with-infla","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 9: Cellular Events Associated with Inflammation"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-10--destruction-of-non-self-agent-at-the","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 10: Destruction of Non-self Agent at the Site of Inflammation"}]},{"topicId":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","label":"Complement, B Cells & Acquired Immunity","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-4-recording-11--role-of-complements-as-mediators-of","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 11: Role of Complements as Mediators of Inflammation"},{"id":"lecture-4-recording-12--role-of-b-cells-in-the-development-o","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 12: Role of B Cells in the Development of Acquired Immunity"},{"id":"lecture-4-recording-13--role-of-t-cells-in-the-development-o","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 13: Role of T Cells in the Development of Acquired Immunity"}]},{"topicId":"platelets-and-haemostasis","label":"Platelets & Haemostasis","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-5-recording-14--platelets-and-hemostasis","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 14: Platelets and Hemostasis"},{"id":"lecture-5-recording-15--platelet-structure-and-function","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 15: Platelet Structure and Function"},{"id":"lecture-5-recording-16--factors-affecting-platelet-plug-form","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 16: Factors Affecting Platelet Plug Formation"}]},{"topicId":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","label":"Coagulation Cascade & Blood Groups","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-6-recording-17--secondary-hemostasis--formation-of-a","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 17: Secondary Hemostasis: Formation of a Blood Clot"},{"id":"lecture-6-recording-18--pathways-leading-to-the-formation-of","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 18: Pathways Leading to the Formation of the Blood Clot"},{"id":"lecture-6-recording-19--mechanisms-of-clot-breakdown","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 19: Mechanisms of Clot Breakdown"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-20--classification-of-the-abo-blood-grou","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 20: Classification of the ABO Blood Groups"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-21--blood-transfusion-abo-blood-groups","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 21: Blood Transfusion ABO Blood Groups"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-22--classification-of-the-rhesus--rh--bl","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 22: Classification of the Rhesus (Rh) Blood Groups"}]}],"nms":[{"topicId":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","label":"Introduction to the Nervous System & Neuron Structure","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-1-recording-1--an-introduction-to-the-nervous-system","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 1: An Introduction to the Nervous System"},{"id":"lecture-1-recording-2--cells-of-the-nervous-system-and-refle","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 2: Cells of the Nervous System and Reflexes"},{"id":"lecture-1-recording-3--neuron-structure","heading":"Lecture 1 recording 3: Neuron Structure"}]},{"topicId":"resting-membrane-potential","label":"Resting Membrane Potential","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-2-recording-4--the-resting-membrane-potential","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 4: The Resting Membrane Potential"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-5--how-is-the-resting-membrane-potential","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 5: How is the Resting Membrane Potential Set?"},{"id":"lecture-2-recording-6--review-of-the-resting-membrane-potent","heading":"Lecture 2 recording 6: Review of the Resting Membrane Potential"}]},{"topicId":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","label":"The Action Potential — Generation & Phases","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-3-recording-7--how-is-the-action-potential-generated","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 7: How is the Action Potential Generated?"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-8--phases-of-the-action-potential","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 8: Phases of the Action Potential"},{"id":"lecture-3-recording-9--action-potentials--transmission","heading":"Lecture 3 recording 9: Action Potentials: Transmission"}]},{"topicId":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","label":"Conduction, Myelination & Synaptic Transmission","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-4-recording-10--electrotonic-conduction-and-myelinat","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 10: Electrotonic Conduction and Myelination"},{"id":"lecture-4-recording-11--nodes-of-ranvier","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 11: Nodes of Ranvier"},{"id":"lecture-4-recording-12--saltatory-conduction-and-speed-of-pr","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 12: Saltatory Conduction and Speed of Propagation"},{"id":"lecture-4-recording-13--synaptic-transmission","heading":"Lecture 4 recording 13: Synaptic Transmission"}]},{"topicId":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","label":"Chemical Synapses & Synaptic Integration","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-5-recording-14--more-on-chemical-synapses","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 14: More on Chemical Synapses"},{"id":"lecture-5-recording-15--synaptic-transmission--excitatory-ve","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 15: Synaptic Transmission: Excitatory versus Inhibitory"},{"id":"lecture-5-recording-16--synaptic-integration","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 16: Synaptic Integration"},{"id":"lecture-5-recording-17--synaptic-integration","heading":"Lecture 5 recording 17: Synaptic Integration"}]},{"topicId":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","label":"Muscle, the NMJ & Excitation–Contraction Coupling","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-6-recording-18--muscle","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 18: Muscle"},{"id":"lecture-6-recording-19--the-motor-neuron-and-the-neuromuscul","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 19: The Motor Neuron and the Neuromuscular Junction"},{"id":"lecture-6-recording-20--events-at-the-neuromuscular-junction","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 20: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction"},{"id":"lecture-6-recording-21--excitation-contraction-coupling-and","heading":"Lecture 6 recording 21: Excitation-contraction Coupling and Muscle Structure"}]},{"topicId":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","label":"Cross-bridge Cycling & Muscle Fibre Types","kind":"src","sections":[{"id":"lecture-7-recording-22--molecular-participants-in-skeletal-m","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 22: Molecular Participants in Skeletal Muscle Contraction"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-23--cross-bridge-cycling","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 23: Cross-bridge Cycling"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-24--more-on-the-cross-bridge-cycle","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 24: More on the Cross-bridge Cycle"},{"id":"lecture-7-recording-25--types-of-skeletal-muscle-fibers","heading":"Lecture 7 recording 25: Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers"}]}],"cns":[{"topicId":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","label":"Organisation of brain & cord","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cns-organisation-of-brain-and-cord","paras":["Grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated tracts."]},{"topicId":"spinal-tracts","label":"Spinal tracts","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cns-spinal-tracts","paras":["The dorsal columns carry fine touch and proprioception; the spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature.","The corticospinal tract is the main descending pathway for voluntary movement."]},{"topicId":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","label":"Memory, emotion & motivation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cns-memory-emotion-and-motivation","paras":["The hippocampus is essential for forming new declarative memories; the amygdala processes emotion."]},{"topicId":"sleep-and-consciousness","label":"Sleep & consciousness","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cns-sleep-and-consciousness","paras":["Sleep alternates between NREM and REM; the reticular activating system governs arousal."]}],"ans":[{"topicId":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","label":"Sympathetic & parasympathetic anatomy","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-ans-sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","paras":["Sympathetic fibres leave the thoracolumbar cord with short pre- and long postganglionic neurons; parasympathetic is craniosacral with the reverse."]},{"topicId":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","label":"Neurotransmitters & organ effects","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-ans-neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","paras":["All preganglionic neurons release ACh onto nicotinic receptors.","Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release noradrenaline (onto adrenergic receptors); parasympathetic release ACh onto muscarinic receptors.","The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes adrenaline into the blood.","Sympathetic activation raises heart rate and dilates pupils and bronchioles; parasympathetic does the opposite and promotes digestion."]}],"ss":[{"topicId":"somatosensation-and-receptors","label":"Somatosensation & receptors","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-ss-somatosensation-and-receptors","paras":["Receptor potentials are graded; stimulus intensity is coded by firing frequency and the number of receptors activated."]},{"topicId":"vision-and-phototransduction","label":"Vision & phototransduction","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-ss-vision-and-phototransduction","paras":["Phototransduction: light → retinal isomerises → rhodopsin activated → reduced glutamate release (photoreceptors hyperpolarise to light).","Rods serve dim-light/peripheral vision; cones serve colour and high acuity."]},{"topicId":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","label":"Hearing & the cochlea","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-ss-hearing-and-the-cochlea","paras":["In the cochlea, the basilar membrane performs tonotopic frequency analysis — high frequencies at the base, low at the apex.","Hair cells convert mechanical deflection of stereocilia into receptor potentials."]}],"cardio":[{"topicId":"hemodynamics","label":"Hemodynamics","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cardio-hemodynamics","paras":["Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume; stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility."]},{"topicId":"the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","label":"The cardiac cycle & Wiggers","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cardio-the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","paras":["The Wiggers diagram links ECG, pressures, ventricular volume and heart sounds in one cardiac cycle."]},{"topicId":"cardiac-action-potentials","label":"Cardiac action potentials","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cardio-cardiac-action-potentials","paras":["SA-node (slow-type) action potentials depend on funny (If) and Ca²⁺ currents and set the pace; ventricular (fast-type) APs have a Na⁺ upstroke and a Ca²⁺ plateau."]},{"topicId":"blood-pressure-regulation","label":"Blood-pressure regulation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cardio-blood-pressure-regulation","paras":["Mean arterial pressure ≈ diastolic + ⅓ pulse pressure; baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch buffer it via the ANS."]},{"topicId":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","label":"Vessels & capillary exchange","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-cardio-vessels-and-capillary-exchange","paras":["Capillary exchange is governed by Starling forces — the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures."]}],"gi":[{"topicId":"gi-organisation-and-motility","label":"GI organisation & motility","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-gi-gi-organisation-and-motility","paras":["The GI wall has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.","Peristalsis propels contents forward; segmentation mixes them for digestion and absorption."]},{"topicId":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","label":"Stomach & gastric secretion","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-gi-stomach-and-gastric-secretion","paras":["Gastric parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor; chief cells secrete pepsinogen."]},{"topicId":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","label":"Small-intestine digestion & absorption","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-gi-small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","paras":["Carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides, proteins as amino acids/di-tripeptides, and fats as micelles forming chylomicrons."]},{"topicId":"regulation-of-gi-activity","label":"Regulation of GI activity","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-gi-regulation-of-gi-activity","paras":["GI activity is regulated by the enteric nervous system, the ANS and hormones (gastrin, secretin, CCK)."]}],"resp":[{"topicId":"mechanics-and-pressures","label":"Mechanics & pressures","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-resp-mechanics-and-pressures","paras":["Inspiration is active (diaphragm + external intercostals); quiet expiration is passive elastic recoil."]},{"topicId":"surfactant-and-compliance","label":"Surfactant & compliance","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-resp-surfactant-and-compliance","paras":["Surfactant from type II pneumocytes lowers surface tension, increases compliance and prevents alveolar collapse."]},{"topicId":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","label":"Gas exchange & V/Q","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-resp-gas-exchange-and-v-q","paras":["Most CO₂ is carried as bicarbonate; the lungs match ventilation to perfusion (V/Q ≈ 0.8) for efficient exchange."]},{"topicId":"o-and-co-transport","label":"O₂ & CO₂ transport","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-resp-o-and-co-transport","paras":["The O₂–haemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoidal; it shifts right with ↑CO₂, ↑H⁺, ↑temperature and ↑2,3-BPG (Bohr effect)."]},{"topicId":"control-of-breathing","label":"Control of breathing","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-resp-control-of-breathing","paras":["Central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂/H⁺ in CSF; peripheral chemoreceptors respond mainly to low arterial O₂."]}],"renal":[{"topicId":"the-nephron","label":"The nephron","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-renal-the-nephron","paras":["The three basic processes are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion."]},{"topicId":"glomerular-filtration","label":"Glomerular filtration","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-renal-glomerular-filtration","paras":["GFR is the volume filtered per minute (~125 mL/min) and is tightly autoregulated."]},{"topicId":"salt-and-water-balance","label":"Salt & water balance","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-renal-salt-and-water-balance","paras":["ADH increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins in the collecting duct; aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption (and K⁺ secretion)."]},{"topicId":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","label":"Medullary gradient & concentration","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-renal-medullary-gradient-and-concentration","paras":["The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle builds the medullary osmotic gradient needed to concentrate urine."]},{"topicId":"glucose-handling-and-diabetes","label":"Glucose handling & diabetes","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-renal-glucose-handling-and-diabetes","paras":["Glucose is normally fully reabsorbed; glucosuria appears once the transport maximum (Tm) is exceeded, as in diabetes mellitus."]}],"endo":[{"topicId":"hormone-classes-and-action","label":"Hormone classes & action","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-endo-hormone-classes-and-action","paras":["Peptide/amine hormones bind surface receptors and act through second messengers; steroid/thyroid hormones cross the membrane to nuclear receptors."]},{"topicId":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","label":"Hypothalamus & pituitary","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-endo-hypothalamus-and-pituitary","paras":["The anterior pituitary secretes GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH and LH under hypothalamic releasing hormones; the posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin."]},{"topicId":"pancreas-and-glucose","label":"Pancreas & glucose","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-endo-pancreas-and-glucose","paras":["Insulin lowers blood glucose (uptake/storage); glucagon raises it — deficiency or resistance causes diabetes mellitus."]},{"topicId":"calcium-and-phosphate","label":"Calcium & phosphate","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-endo-calcium-and-phosphate","paras":["PTH raises blood Ca²⁺ (bone, kidney, vitamin-D activation); calcitonin lowers it."]},{"topicId":"overview","label":"Endo — Overview / cross-cutting","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-endo-overview","paras":["Negative feedback dominates endocrine regulation (e.g. thyroid hormone inhibits TSH and TRH)."]}],"repro":[{"topicId":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","label":"Sex determination & differentiation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-repro-sex-determination-and-differentiation","paras":["The SRY gene on the Y chromosome drives testis development; without it the gonad becomes an ovary."]},{"topicId":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","label":"Female cycle & menstruation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-repro-female-cycle-and-menstruation","paras":["The menstrual cycle has follicular and luteal phases; the LH surge triggers ovulation around day 14."]},{"topicId":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","label":"Pregnancy & fertilisation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-repro-pregnancy-and-fertilisation","paras":["After fertilisation, hCG from the embryo maintains the corpus luteum and its progesterone output."]},{"topicId":"parturition-and-lactation","label":"Parturition & lactation","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-repro-parturition-and-lactation","paras":["Oxytocin drives uterine contractions in labour and milk ejection; prolactin drives milk production."]},{"topicId":"overview","label":"Repro — Overview / cross-cutting","kind":"mod","anchor":"note-repro-overview","paras":["FSH and LH from the pituitary drive gametogenesis and sex-steroid production in both sexes."]}]}; const SOURCE_NOTES_TOPIC = {"cell":{"lecture-1-recording-1--introduction-to-cell-physiology":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","lecture-1-recording-2--composition-of-biological-membranes":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","lecture-1-recording-3--cell-junctions":"cell-junctions","lecture-1-recording-4--cell-organelles":"cell-organelles-i-nucleus-er-and","lecture-1-recording-5--more-cell-organelles":"cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and","lecture-2-recording-6--vesicular-transport":"membrane-transport","lecture-2-recording-7--driving-forces-for-non-vesicular-tran":"membrane-transport","lecture-2-recording-8--movement-of-molecules-across-membrane":"membrane-transport","lecture-2-recording-9--membrane-transport-proteins-and-facil":"membrane-transport","lecture-2-recording-10--membrane-transport-proteins-and-acti":"membrane-transport","lecture-3-recording-11--signal-transduction":"signal-transduction","lecture-3-recording-12--membrane-bound-receptors":"signal-transduction","lecture-3-recording-13--more-membrane-bound-receptors":"signal-transduction","lecture-3-recording-14--g-proteins-and-second-messenger-syst":"signal-transduction"},"blood":{"lecture-1-recording-1--basic-facts":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","lecture-1-recording-2--plasma":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","lecture-1-recording-3--blood-cell-types-and-hematopoiesis":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","lecture-1-recording-4--red-blood-cells":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","lecture-2-recording-5--factors-affecting-rbc-production":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","lecture-2-recording-6--anemia":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","lecture-2-recording-7--anemia":"white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity","lecture-3-recording-8--inflammation":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","lecture-3-recording-9--cellular-events-associated-with-infla":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","lecture-3-recording-10--destruction-of-non-self-agent-at-the":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","lecture-4-recording-11--role-of-complements-as-mediators-of":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","lecture-4-recording-12--role-of-b-cells-in-the-development-o":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","lecture-4-recording-13--role-of-t-cells-in-the-development-o":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","lecture-5-recording-14--platelets-and-hemostasis":"platelets-and-haemostasis","lecture-5-recording-15--platelet-structure-and-function":"platelets-and-haemostasis","lecture-5-recording-16--factors-affecting-platelet-plug-form":"platelets-and-haemostasis","lecture-6-recording-17--secondary-hemostasis--formation-of-a":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","lecture-6-recording-18--pathways-leading-to-the-formation-of":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","lecture-6-recording-19--mechanisms-of-clot-breakdown":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","lecture-7-recording-20--classification-of-the-abo-blood-grou":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","lecture-7-recording-21--blood-transfusion-abo-blood-groups":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","lecture-7-recording-22--classification-of-the-rhesus--rh--bl":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups"},"nms":{"lecture-1-recording-1--an-introduction-to-the-nervous-system":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","lecture-1-recording-2--cells-of-the-nervous-system-and-refle":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","lecture-1-recording-3--neuron-structure":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","lecture-2-recording-4--the-resting-membrane-potential":"resting-membrane-potential","lecture-2-recording-5--how-is-the-resting-membrane-potential":"resting-membrane-potential","lecture-2-recording-6--review-of-the-resting-membrane-potent":"resting-membrane-potential","lecture-3-recording-7--how-is-the-action-potential-generated":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","lecture-3-recording-8--phases-of-the-action-potential":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","lecture-3-recording-9--action-potentials--transmission":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","lecture-4-recording-10--electrotonic-conduction-and-myelinat":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","lecture-4-recording-11--nodes-of-ranvier":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","lecture-4-recording-12--saltatory-conduction-and-speed-of-pr":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","lecture-4-recording-13--synaptic-transmission":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","lecture-5-recording-14--more-on-chemical-synapses":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","lecture-5-recording-15--synaptic-transmission--excitatory-ve":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","lecture-5-recording-16--synaptic-integration":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","lecture-5-recording-17--synaptic-integration":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","lecture-6-recording-18--muscle":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","lecture-6-recording-19--the-motor-neuron-and-the-neuromuscul":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","lecture-6-recording-20--events-at-the-neuromuscular-junction":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","lecture-6-recording-21--excitation-contraction-coupling-and":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","lecture-7-recording-22--molecular-participants-in-skeletal-m":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","lecture-7-recording-23--cross-bridge-cycling":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","lecture-7-recording-24--more-on-the-cross-bridge-cycle":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","lecture-7-recording-25--types-of-skeletal-muscle-fibers":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre"}}; /* classification lookup: TMAP.q[module][normStem] / TMAP.c[module][normTerm] -> topicId */ const TMAP = {"q":{"cell":{"the performs oxidative reactions that produce h o while the is the site of cellular respiration":"cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and","which of the following is an amphipathic molecule":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","which of the following statements about desmosomes is correct":"cell-junctions","which of the following is not true of simple diffusion":"membrane-transport","which of the following statements about the na k pump is correct":"membrane-transport","na channels and the na k pump are both examples of":"membrane-transport","a white blood cell takes in bacteria by":"membrane-transport","some organelles have their own dna distinct from nuclear dna this is true of which organelle":"cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and","which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","which intercellular connections force transcellular through cell transport to occur":"cell-junctions","two atp molecules could provide energy for the na k pump to move ions out for every ions moved in":"membrane-transport","sodium ions do not freely cross the membrane by simple diffusion they require an ion channel what determines the direction they move":"membrane-transport","which one of the following is not a component of a phospholipid":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","molecules exit cells by":"membrane-transport","which of the following statements about g proteins is correct":"signal-transduction","which of the following has the fastest rate of simple diffusion across the plasma membrane":"membrane-transport","adenylate cyclase catalyses a reaction in which":"signal-transduction","facilitated diffusion occurs":"membrane-transport","carrier mediated facilitated diffusion":"membrane-transport","which one of the following statements regarding signal transduction is correct camp cyclic amp":"signal-transduction","receptor mediated endocytosis":"membrane-transport","which one of the following statements regarding the movement of substrates across a membrane is correct":"membrane-transport","which one of the following statements regarding the cell is correct ser smooth endoplasmic reticulum":"cell-organelles-i-nucleus-er-and","the plasma membrane":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","which of the following regarding cell junctions is correct":"cell-junctions","in the ca2 calmodulin signaling cascade":"signal-transduction","which cell structure contains the enzymes required for oxidative phosphorylation":"cell-organelles-ii-lysosomes-mitochondria-and","which sequence regarding protein synthesis is correct":"cell-organelles-i-nucleus-er-and","which is incorrect regarding ligand protein binding reactions":"overview","according to the law of mass action in the following reaction co2 h2o h2co3":"overview","which of the following can be used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis in the liver":"overview","which of the following is true":"overview","which properties are characteristic of ion channels":"membrane-transport","which of the following does not directly or indirectly require an energy source":"membrane-transport","if a small amount of urea were added to an isoosmotic saline solution containing cells what would be the result":"membrane-transport","which is are true of epithelial cells":"membrane-transport","which is incorrect":"membrane-transport","in considering diffusion of ions through an ion channel which driving force forces must be considered":"membrane-transport","1 3 match a receptor feature a e with each choice defines the situation when all receptor binding sites are occupied by a messenger":"signal-transduction","7 10 match each type of molecule with the correct choice a e a given choice may be used once more than once or not at all molecule enzyme":"signal-transduction","1 3 match a receptor feature a e with each choice defines the strength of receptor binding to a messenger":"signal-transduction","1 3 match a receptor feature a e with each choice reflects the fact that a receptor normally binds only to a single messenger":"signal-transduction","which of the following intracellular or plasma membrane proteins requires ca2 for full activity":"signal-transduction","which is correct":"signal-transduction","inhibition of which enzyme enzymes would inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes":"signal-transduction","7 10 match each type of molecule with the correct choice a e a given choice may be used once more than once or not at all molecule second messenger":"signal-transduction","7 10 match each type of molecule with the correct choice a e a given choice may be used once more than once or not at all molecule example of a first messenger":"signal-transduction","7 10 match each type of molecule with the correct choice a e a given choice may be used once more than once or not at all molecule part of a trimeric protein in membranes":"signal-transduction"},"blood":{"the site of destruction of aging red blood cells is the":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","which process directs white blood cells to the pathogens once wbcs have crossed the blood vessel wall":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","which one of the following statements about red blood cells is incorrect":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","which statement about the destruction of red blood cells is incorrect":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","what is the function of transferrin":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","a person with type ab blood would have antigens on their red cells and antibodies in their plasma":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","choose the correct order of steps for haemostasis":"platelets-and-haemostasis","pernicious anaemia is caused by":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","which of the following characteristics applies to acquired adaptive immunity":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","t lymphocytes are unique compared to other white blood cells because":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","erythropoietin epo stimulates rbc production where is epo produced":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","opsonins":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","which of the following causes decreased platelet aggregation":"platelets-and-haemostasis","von willebrand factor vwf":"platelets-and-haemostasis","which statement about macrophages is not correct":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","if bacteria are carried in the blood and exposed to b cells in the spleen they will initiate":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","three statements about diapedesis 1 it is a crucial feature of innate immunity 2 impairment of diapedesis would lead to persistent bacterial infections 3 it is preceded by margination rolling and adhesion and followed by chemotaxis and phagocytosis which are correct":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","three statements about plasma proteins 1 mainly produced by the liver 2 transport of oxygen is a major function 3 removal of fibrinogen and clotting factors from plasma produces serum which are correct":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","here are three statements about diapedesis which statement s is are correct statement 1 diapedesis is a crucial feature of innate immunity statement 2 impairment of diapedesis would lead to persistent bacterial infections statement 3 diapedesis is preceded by margination rolling and adhesion and followed by chemotaxis and phagocytosis":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","here are 3 statements about plasma proteins which of these are correct statement 1 plasma proteins are mainly produced by the liver statement 2 transport of oxygen is a major function of plasma proteins statement 3 removal of fibrinogen and other clotting factors from plasma results in the formation of serum":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis","which of the following is correct for a person with type a blood the person":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","during hemostasis platelets adhere to exposed collagen in blood vessels using the platelets release causing further platelet aggregation":"platelets-and-haemostasis","plasmin is a key enzyme in the process of":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","which one of the following statements about the destruction of red blood cells rbcs is correct":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","complement proteins":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","which one of the following statements regarding b cell mediated immunity is correct":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","which of the following statements about the prothrombinase complex is correct":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","platelets have and are fragments of cytoplasm derived from platelets contain vesicles called alpha granules which release":"platelets-and-haemostasis","which one of the following statements regarding macrophages is not correct they":"white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity","innate or natural immunity":"white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity","the effect of aspirin in platelets is to":"platelets-and-haemostasis","intrinsic factor if is a protein secreted by cells of the the function of if is to bind which is necessary for its absorption a deficiency of the absorbed substance results in":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","chemotaxis":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","thrombin is a key enzyme in the process of blood coagulation which one of the following is a role of thrombin":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","which is are important in innate immune responses":"white-blood-cells-and-innate-immunity","a second exposure to a given foreign antigen elicits a rapid and pronounced immune response because":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","which statement is incorrect":"complement-b-cells-and-acquired-immunity","hematocrit is increased":"red-blood-cells-haemoglobin-and-anaemia","which is not part of the cascade leading to formation of a blood clot":"coagulation-cascade-and-blood-groups","which of the following is an opsonin":"inflammation-and-phagocytosis","the principal site of erythrocyte production is":"blood-basics-plasma-and-hematopoiesis"},"nms":{"which stage of the nerve action potential is described by voltage gated k channels are open na channels are closed and in the resting state":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","at the peak of an action potential the neuronal membrane potential":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","select the correct statement about nerve impulse conduction":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","which of the following is correctly matched":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which is correctly matched regarding neuron types":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","which of the following is not a graded potential":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","at resting potential the ion distribution of a neuron is such that ions are most abundant inside the cell while ions are most abundant outside":"resting-membrane-potential","a refractory period":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","cell bodies of sensory neurons of spinal nerves are located in":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","myelin":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","a motor unit":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle is a":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","in muscle neurotransmitter receptors are located":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","in a resting muscle which of the following is not chemically associated with the others":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","what role do calcium ions play in muscle contraction":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","the gap between two communicating neurons is termed the":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","the dorsal horn of the spinal cord consists of":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","the stretch reflex in the leg is evoked by striking the patellar tendon the strike on the patellar tendon results in the direct monosynaptic excitation of an efferent neuron that synapses onto the and also involves":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","which one of the following statements is not correct voltage gated na channels are":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","the dihydropyridine dhp receptor in skeletal muscle":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","the pair of descriptors which correctly describes directly gated chemical synaptic transmission is":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which of the following nerve fibers transmits action potentials the slowest":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","at the neuromuscular junction":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","the duration of the absolute refractory period is dictated by":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","an inhibitory pre synaptic neuron releases the neurotransmitter which binds to receptors on the post synaptic membrane opening channels movement of the ion through its channel results in of the post synaptic neuron":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which of the following is not a characteristic of white muscle fibers":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","which of the following processes does not require adenosine triphosphate atp":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","a key determinant of the resting membrane potential of a neuron is the in the cell membrane":"resting-membrane-potential","which of the following statements is not a property of afferent neurons":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","place the following events in the correct sequence of synaptic transmission 1 vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane 2 ions flow across postsynaptic membrane 3 voltage gated ca channels open 4 ap arrives in presynaptic terminal 5 transmitter released and diffuses to bind receptors":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","place the following events in the correct sequence describing synaptic transmission 1 calcium influx causes synaptic vesicles to move to and fuse with the presynaptic membrane 2 ions flow across the membrane to depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell 3 voltage gated calcium channels open following depolarization of the terminal 4 an action potential arrives in the presynaptic terminal 5 transmitter is released by exocytosis and diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind to receptors":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which of the following statements is not correct":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which one of the following statements is correct":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","single unit smooth muscle differs from multiunit smooth muscle because":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","which of the following describes a similarity between cardiac and smooth muscle cells":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","which is correct regarding a skeletal muscle sarcomere":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","when a skeletal muscle fiber undergoes a concentric isotonic contraction":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","during excitation contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","why is the latent period longer during an isotonic twitch of a skeletal muscle fiber than it is during an isometric twitch":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","what prevents a drop in muscle fiber atp concentration during the first few seconds of intense contraction":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","which correctly characterizes a fast oxidative glycolytic type of skeletal muscle fiber":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","which is true regarding the structure of smooth muscle":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","which best describes an afferent neuron":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","which incorrectly pairs a glial cell type with an associated function":"introduction-to-the-nervous-system-and","if the extracellular cl concentration is 110 mmol l and a particular neuron maintains an intracellular cl concentration of 4 mmol l at what membrane potential would cl be closest to electrochemical equilibrium in that cell":"resting-membrane-potential","consider the following five experiments in which the concentration gradient for na was varied in which case s would na tend to leak out of the cell if the membrane potential was experimentally held at 42 mv experiment extracellular na mmol l intracellular na mmol l a 50 15 b 60 15 c 70 15 d 80 15 e 90 15":"resting-membrane-potential","which is a true statement about the resting membrane potential in a typical neuron":"resting-membrane-potential","which is a false statement about skeletal muscle structure":"muscle-the-nmj-and-excitation-contraction","the function of myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle is to":"cross-bridge-cycling-and-muscle-fibre","if a ligand gated ion channel equally permeable to both na and k was briefly opened at a specific location on the membrane of a typical resting neuron what would result":"conduction-myelination-and-synaptic-transmission","which ion channel state correctly describes the phase of the action potential with which it is associated":"the-action-potential-generation-and-phases","two neurons a and b synapse onto a third neuron c if neurotransmitter from a opens ligand gated ion channels permeable to na and k and neurotransmitter from b opens ligand gated cl channels which of the following statements is true":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration","which correctly associates a neurotransmitter with one of its characteristics":"chemical-synapses-and-synaptic-integration"},"cns":{"fine touch and proprioception are carried to the brain by the":"spinal-tracts","the main descending pathway for voluntary movement is the":"spinal-tracts","which structure is essential for forming new declarative memories":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","in the cns white matter is composed primarily of":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","arousal and the sleep wake cycle are governed by the":"sleep-and-consciousness","which one of the following represents the correct sequence from innermost to outermost layers of the meninges":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","which of the following cells produce cerebrospinal fluid":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","an impairment of language comprehension is consistent with a lesion in":"higher-order-processing","which of the following will promote sleep":"sleep-and-consciousness","the hypothalamus is involved in":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","which one of the following statements is correct":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","which statement about memory is true":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","the midbrain pons and medulla oblongata are housed in the":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","which one of the following statements regarding sensory stimulus processing is correct":"higher-order-processing","which of the following sensory receptors responds to vibration and deep pressure":"higher-order-processing","which of the following is involved in the transmission of pain to the central nervous system":"spinal-tracts","the hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by a nerve tract called the":"organisation-of-brain-and-cord","which of the following regarding muscle receptors is true":"spinal-tracts","which of these receptors detects an increase in tension in a muscle":"spinal-tracts","corticospinal neurons make connections with spinal motoneurons whose axons activate muscles":"spinal-tracts","the basal ganglia are responsible for":"higher-order-processing","1 4 match the state of consciousness a d with the correct electroencephalogram pattern use each answer once state of consciousness a relaxed awake eyes closed b stage n3 non rapid eye movement nrem sleep c rapid eye movement rem sleep d epileptic seizure electroencephalogram pattern 1 very large amplitude recurrent waves associated with sharp spikes":"sleep-and-consciousness","broca s area":"higher-order-processing","1 4 match the state of consciousness a d with the correct electroencephalogram pattern use each answer once state of consciousness a relaxed awake eyes closed b stage n3 non rapid eye movement nrem sleep c rapid eye movement rem sleep d epileptic seizure electroencephalogram pattern 2 small amplitude high frequency waves similar to the attentive awake state":"sleep-and-consciousness","1 4 match the state of consciousness a d with the correct electroencephalogram pattern use each answer once state of consciousness a relaxed awake eyes closed b stage n3 non rapid eye movement nrem sleep c rapid eye movement rem sleep d epileptic seizure electroencephalogram pattern 3 irregular slow frequency large amplitude alpha rhythm":"sleep-and-consciousness","1 4 match the state of consciousness a d with the correct electroencephalogram pattern use each answer once state of consciousness a relaxed awake eyes closed b stage n3 non rapid eye movement nrem sleep c rapid eye movement rem sleep d epileptic seizure electroencephalogram pattern 4 regular very slow frequency very large amplitude delta rhythm":"sleep-and-consciousness","which pattern of neurotransmitter activity is most consistent with the awake state":"sleep-and-consciousness","which best describes habituation":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is most closely associated with":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","antidepressant medications most commonly target what neurotransmitter":"memory-emotion-and-motivation","which is a true statement about memory":"memory-emotion-and-motivation"},"ans":{"all autonomic preganglionic neurons release which neurotransmitter":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","postganglionic sympathetic neurons typically release onto receptors":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","which response is characteristic of parasympathetic activation":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","the sympathetic division arises from which regions of the spinal cord":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","a postganglionic neuron":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","in the ans preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","which of the following characteristics apply to the ans 1 consciously controlled 2 two neurons between the cns and effector organs 3 preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are myelinated 4 neurotransmitters can be acetylcholine or norepinephrine":"overview","which of these characteristics describes the parasympathetic division of the ans":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","the separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","which of the following target tissues is innervated by only neurons from the sympathetic nervous system":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","regarding synaptic transmission in the autonomic nervous system":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","which of these is not a feature of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","the targets of the autonomic nervous system include all except the following":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","which statement about autonomic neurotransmitters and their receptors is correct":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","the adrenal medulla is best described as":"sympathetic-and-parasympathetic-anatomy","regarding the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","when a transmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor it may trigger a cascade reaction signal transduction what is the correct physiological order in which the following play a role g g protein e membrane bound enzyme p protein kinase s second messenger":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects","which of these synapses does not have acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter":"neurotransmitters-and-organ-effects"},"ss":{"photoreceptors respond to light by":"vision-and-phototransduction","which receptors provide high acuity colour vision":"vision-and-phototransduction","in the cochlea high frequency sounds are detected best at the":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","the decline in receptor response to a sustained constant stimulus is called":"somatosensation-and-receptors","sensory transduction converts a stimulus into a":"somatosensation-and-receptors","which of the following is a rapidly adapting receptor":"somatosensation-and-receptors","in the human eye the structure primarily responsible for refraction is the":"vision-and-phototransduction","the sensory hair cells of the organ of corti are anchored at their base to the":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","hyperopia farsightedness is caused by":"vision-and-phototransduction","rods and cones are":"vision-and-phototransduction","in the absence of light which event occurs in a cone cell":"vision-and-phototransduction","in vision a nerve impulse travels from":"vision-and-phototransduction","the axons of which cell make up the optic nerve":"vision-and-phototransduction","in the visual pathway which cells generate action potentials":"vision-and-phototransduction","when the stereocilia bend in response to displacement of the basilar membrane":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","a person with an eye that is too long is said to have and would wear lenses to correct their vision":"vision-and-phototransduction","in a slowly adapting receptor":"somatosensation-and-receptors","light results in the of na ca channels in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells resulting in of the rod or cone cell":"vision-and-phototransduction","information from the lateral field of view of the eye goes to the region of the retina information from the medial field of view goes to the region of the retina the information from the field s of view crosses to the contralateral side at the optic chiasm":"vision-and-phototransduction","choose the true statement":"somatosensation-and-receptors","using a single intracellular recording electrode in what part of a sensory neuron could you simultaneously record both receptor potentials and action potentials":"somatosensation-and-receptors","which best describes lateral inhibition in sensory processing":"somatosensation-and-receptors","what region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex":"vision-and-phototransduction","which type of receptor does not encode a somatic sensation":"somatosensation-and-receptors","which best describes the vision of a person with uncorrected nearsightedness":"vision-and-phototransduction","if a patient suffers a stroke that destroys the optic tract on the right side of the brain which of the following visual defects will result":"vision-and-phototransduction","which correctly describes a step in auditory signal transduction":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","a standing subject looking over her left shoulder suddenly rotates her head to look over her right shoulder how does the vestibular system detect this motion":"hearing-and-the-cochlea","which category of taste receptor cells does msg monosodium glutamate most strongly stimulate":"overview"},"cardio":{"cardiac output is the product of":"hemodynamics","the plateau phase of the ventricular fast type action potential is maintained by":"cardiac-action-potentials","baroreceptors that buffer short term changes in arterial pressure are located in the":"blood-pressure-regulation","net fluid movement across a capillary wall is determined by":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","the normal pacemaker of the heart is the":"conduction-system-and-ecg","which of the following is not normally apparent on the ecg":"conduction-system-and-ecg","as the wave of action potentials travels from the atria to the ventricles it is delayed by about 0 1 second as a result of slow conduction through":"conduction-system-and-ecg","pressure in the left ventricle":"the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","which of the following components of the electrocardiogram ecg is correctly matched with the corresponding event in the heart":"conduction-system-and-ecg","the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat is the":"hemodynamics","each of the following statements about sinusoidal capillaries is correct except":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","an individual with a blood pressure of 140 90":"blood-pressure-regulation","during ventricular filling":"the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","during ventricular ejection":"the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","the cardiac skeleton":"heart-valves-and-sounds","which of the following contains deoxygenated blood in an adult human":"overview","which statement regarding the heart is correct":"overview","in the normal myocardium the correct sequence of excitation is":"conduction-system-and-ecg","which of the following statements regarding cardiac action potentials is correct":"cardiac-action-potentials","which of the following is correctly matched":"heart-valves-and-sounds","which of the following statements regarding the conduction system of the heart is true":"conduction-system-and-ecg","here are three statements about capillaries are they correct or not correct 1 fenestrated capillaries allow blood cells to cross the endothelial cells 2 sinusoids are found in liver bone marrow and spleen 3 capillaries contain a layer of smooth muscle lined by endothelial cells to control blood flow":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","which of the following regarding the pericardial sac is correct":"overview","is the ability of certain myocardial cells to produce an electrical impulse without the need for outside nerve stimulation":"cardiac-action-potentials","in the sinoatrial sa node the pacemaker potential is attributable to which of the following":"cardiac-action-potentials","the source of nutrients for the heart is the":"overview","in the coronary circulation":"overview","which of the following pressures is closest to the mean arterial blood pressure in a person whose systolic blood pressure is 135 mmhg and pulse pressure is 50 mmhg":"blood-pressure-regulation","which of the following would help restore homeostasis in the first few moments after a person s mean arterial pressure became elevated":"blood-pressure-regulation","which is false about l type ca2 channels in cardiac ventricular muscle cells":"cardiac-action-potentials","which correctly pairs an ecg phase with the cardiac event responsible":"conduction-system-and-ecg","which of the following contains blood with the lowest oxygen content":"overview","if other factors are equal which of the following vessels would have the lowest resistance":"hemodynamics","which of the following correctly ranks pressures during isovolumetric contraction of a normal cardiac cycle":"the-cardiac-cycle-and-wiggers","considered as a whole the body s capillaries have":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","which of the following would not result in tissue edema":"vessels-and-capillary-exchange","which statement comparing the systemic and pulmonary circuits is true":"hemodynamics","what is mainly responsible for the delay between the atrial and ventricular contractions":"conduction-system-and-ecg","when a person engages in strenuous prolonged exercise":"hemodynamics"},"gi":{"which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","segmentation contractions in the small intestine primarily serve to":"gi-organisation-and-motility","dietary fats are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium after forming":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","the hormone that stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion in response to acid in the duodenum is":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","from innermost to outermost the layers of the gi tract wall are":"gi-organisation-and-motility","which of the following statements about cck is accurate 1 cck is classified as a peptide hormone 2 acid entering the small intestine is the primary trigger for cck release 3 fat and protein in the small intestine strongly stimulate cck secretion 4 cck is produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas":"regulation-of-gi-activity","which of the following statements about segmentation is not correct":"gi-organisation-and-motility","which of the following regarding food intake is correct":"overview","which is the most important factor regulating thirst under physiological conditions":"large-intestine-and-water-balance","the final formed saliva is":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","which of the following correctly describes ductal cells of the salivary glands":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","starch digestion begins in the with the addition of amylase":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","which of the following is not a function of hcl in the stomach":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","which of the following inhibit hcl production by the stomach":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","which of the following statements about pepsin is correct 1 pepsin is secreted as the inactive precursor pepsinogen 2 pepsin is secreted as an active enzyme 3 pepsinogen is activated by alkaline ph in the stomach lumen 4 pepsinogen is activated by hcl in the stomach":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","the pancreatic acinar cells":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","which of the following statements about pancreatic enzymes is correct":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","the hepatic artery brings blood to the liver while the hepatic vein brings to the liver":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","which of the following statements about bile acids is not correct they are":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","which one of the following inhibits hcl production":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","mixing movements":"gi-organisation-and-motility","regarding the phases of gastric secretions":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","which of the following statements about fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine is correct":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","the large intestine has":"large-intestine-and-water-balance","which of the following enters the duodenum first during normal digestion":"gi-organisation-and-motility","which of the following statements regarding the large intestine is correct":"large-intestine-and-water-balance","the parietal cells of the stomach secrete":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","which of the following statements concerning the large intestine is correct":"large-intestine-and-water-balance","which of the following statements about the pancreas are correct 1 the pancreas produces only endocrine secretions 2 the pancreas produces enzymes that are secreted into the gastrointestinal tract 3 the pancreas secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum for acid neutralization so that pancreatic enzymes may be functional 4 the endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","the correct order of layering in the digestive tract wall from deep to superficial is":"gi-organisation-and-motility","which of the following is absorbed by the lymphatic system lacteals rather than directly into the blood in the small intestine":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","which of the following statements about gastrin is not correct gastrin":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","what is the primary function of the enteric nervous system":"regulation-of-gi-activity","which hormone is released in response to acid entering the duodenum and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion":"regulation-of-gi-activity","secretin":"regulation-of-gi-activity","match the gastrointestinal hormone a d with its description 1 4 it is stimulated by the presence of acid in the small intestine and stimulates hco3 release from the pancreas and bile ducts":"regulation-of-gi-activity","which of the following is the primary absorptive process in the large intestine":"large-intestine-and-water-balance","match the gastrointestinal hormone a d with its description 1 4 it is stimulated by glucose and fat in the small intestine and increases insulin and amplifies the insulin responses to glucose":"regulation-of-gi-activity","match the gastrointestinal hormone a d with its description 1 4 it is inhibited by acid in the stomach and stimulates acid secretion from the stomach":"regulation-of-gi-activity","match the gastrointestinal hormone a d with its description 1 4 it is stimulated by amino acids and fatty acids in the small intestine and stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion":"regulation-of-gi-activity","which of the following is true about pepsin":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","micelles increase the absorption of fat by":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","which of the following inhibit inhibits gastric hcl secretion during a meal":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","which component components of bile is are not primarily secreted by hepatocytes":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","which of the following is true about segmentation in the small intestine":"gi-organisation-and-motility"},"resp":{"pulmonary surfactant reduces the work of breathing by":"surfactant-and-compliance","a rightward shift of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve occurs with":"o-and-co-transport","during quiet breathing expiration is normally":"mechanics-and-pressures","central chemoreceptors that regulate ventilation respond most directly to":"control-of-breathing","optimal gas exchange requires ventilation and perfusion to be":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system":"overview","what is the fundamental unit of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs":"functional-anatomy-and-zones","what is the main muscle responsible for inspiration during quiet breathing":"mechanics-and-pressures","which law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature":"mechanics-and-pressures","which of the following conditions is associated with increased lung compliance":"surfactant-and-compliance","which of the following statements about airflow is correct":"mechanics-and-pressures","which pressure is the force responsible for keeping the alveoli open":"mechanics-and-pressures","the total minute ventilation is obtained by multiplying the by the respiratory frequency":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry","during normal relaxed respiration about 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle this is called the":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry","within the respiratory tract the trachea leads directly to the":"functional-anatomy-and-zones","which of the following statements about respiratory bronchioles is correct 1 they are found in the conducting zone 2 they have occasional alveoli 3 they are the smallest airways without alveoli 4 they are found in the respiratory zone":"functional-anatomy-and-zones","the conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages except the":"functional-anatomy-and-zones","describes how fluid flow through a tube is affected by viscosity tube length and especially radius":"mechanics-and-pressures","states that in a mixture of non reacting gases the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","type ii alveolar cells function in reducing surface tension by producing and secreting":"surfactant-and-compliance","which of the following correctly describes the pulmonary circulatory system it":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","what does a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicate about the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin":"o-and-co-transport","the function of lung surfactant compounds is to":"surfactant-and-compliance","this lung capacity is equal to the tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume tv irv erv":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry","the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal forceful expiration is the":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry","the central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the concentration of in the brain extracellular fluid resulting in ventilation":"control-of-breathing","when bicarbonate hco3 diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma in systemic capillaries diffuses into the rbcs to replace it":"o-and-co-transport","the reaction of produces carbonic acid h2co3 catalyzed by the enzyme":"o-and-co-transport","which of the following apply to the transport of oxygen o2 in blood 1 oxygen has a high solubility in plasma 2 the majority of oxygen 98 is found dissolved in plasma 3 the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma is proportional to the po2 and the solubility of oxygen in the blood 4 the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is a reversible process":"o-and-co-transport","the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood of the alveolar capillaries is rapid and involves diffusion across the membrane of an cell then diffusion across the membrane of an cell":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","the major automatic involuntary regulatory centers for respiration especially the inspiratory centers are located in the region of the brain":"control-of-breathing","the major factor which normally affects regional blood flow in the lungs is":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","what is the main driving force for oxygen movement from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","which of the following best describes the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport":"o-and-co-transport","what is the primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood":"o-and-co-transport","if patm 0 mmhg and palv 2 mmhg then":"mechanics-and-pressures","after the expiration of a normal tidal volume a subject breathes in as much air as possible the volume of air inspired is the":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry","transpulmonary pressure ptp increases by 3 mmhg during a normal inspiration in subject a 500 ml of air is inspired in subject b 250 ml of air is inspired for the same change in ptp which is true":"surfactant-and-compliance","which of the following will increase alveolar po2":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","which of the following will cause the largest increase in systemic arterial oxygen saturation in the blood":"o-and-co-transport","in arterial blood with a po2 of 60 mmhg which of the following situations will result in the lowest blood oxygen saturation":"o-and-co-transport","which of the following is not true about asthma":"mechanics-and-pressures","which of the following is true":"control-of-breathing","ventilation perfusion inequalities lead to hypoxemia because":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","if alveolar ventilation is 4200 ml min respiratory frequency is 12 breaths per minute and tidal volume is 500 ml what is the anatomical dead space ventilation":"lung-volumes-and-spirometry"},"renal":{"antidiuretic hormone adh concentrates urine by":"salt-and-water-balance","aldosterone acts on the distal nephron to":"salt-and-water-balance","glucose normally does not appear in the urine until plasma glucose exceeds the":"glucose-handling-and-diabetes","the medullary osmotic gradient that allows urine concentration is generated by the":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","which of the following statements about water reabsorption is correct 1 water reabsorption is primarily dependent on k 2 water reabsorption in the cortical and medullary collecting ducts is regulated by anti diuretic hormone adh 3 water reabsorption in the loop of henle is under hormonal control 4 the greatest amount of water reabsorption is in the proximal tubule":"salt-and-water-balance","water permeability is":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion","which of the following substances secreted by the kidneys is a hormone":"salt-and-water-balance","which of the following is not a function of the kidneys":"overview","which of the following statements about atrial natriuretic peptide anp is correct 1 anp is synthesized by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney 2 anp inhibits na reabsorption 3 anp is released following atrial distension 4 anp promotes the actions of aldosterone":"salt-and-water-balance","which of the following statements about the renin angiotensin system is correct":"salt-and-water-balance","aldosterone is a hormone released from the":"salt-and-water-balance","anti diuretic hormone adh vasopressin is principally produced in the":"salt-and-water-balance","anti diuretic hormone adh vasopressin":"salt-and-water-balance","the segment of the nephron that is not permeable to water even in the presence of anti diuretic hormone adh is the":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","the renal corpuscle is comprised of the glomerulus and":"the-nephron","the three basic renal processes are":"the-nephron","the renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullary nephrons are located in the while the loop of henle is mostly found in the":"the-nephron","reabsorption is a renal process whereby solutes and water":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion","atrial natriuretic peptide anp is released in response to and acts to":"salt-and-water-balance","which of the following statements about potassium k handling by the kidneys is correct":"k-and-acid-base-balance","which statement correctly distinguishes cortical nephrons from juxtamedullary nephrons":"the-nephron","the components of the glomerular filtration membrane that the glomerular filtrate must pass through include":"glomerular-filtration","in a healthy kidney which of the following is readily filtered at the glomerulus":"glomerular-filtration","inulin":"glomerular-filtration","aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of":"salt-and-water-balance","the plasma concentration at which a particular substance begins to appear in the urine is the":"glucose-handling-and-diabetes","the renal countercurrent mechanism is dependent upon the anatomic relationship between":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","which of the following statements regarding the nephron is correct":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","the osmoreceptors that sense changes in plasma osmolarity are located in the":"salt-and-water-balance","which statement s about glucose reabsorption in the renal tubule are correct 1 glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule 2 glucose reabsorption from the tubule lumen occurs by a na dependent transporter sglt 3 glucose moves out of the tubule cell into the interstitial fluid by a k linked process 4 at a normal plasma glucose concentration glucose is filtered at the glomerulus and secreted into the urine":"glucose-handling-and-diabetes","which force is the primary pressure favoring filtration across the glomerular capillary":"glomerular-filtration","a physiologically realistic increase in bowman s space hydrostatic pressure pbs would have which effect on glomerular filtration":"glomerular-filtration","a patient has an increase in tubular flow past the macula densa what is the immediate effect on the afferent arteriole":"glomerular-filtration","constriction of the afferent arteriole causes which change":"glomerular-filtration","the macula densa is best described as":"glomerular-filtration","which of the following will lead to an increase in glomerular fluid filtration in the kidneys":"glomerular-filtration","which of the following is consistent with untreated chronic renal failure":"overview","which of the following is true about renal clearance":"glomerular-filtration","which of the following will not lead to a diuresis":"salt-and-water-balance","which of the following contributes directly to the generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitium in the kidney":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","an increase in renin is caused by":"salt-and-water-balance","which of the following is a component of the renal response to metabolic acidosis":"k-and-acid-base-balance","which of the following is consistent with respiratory alkalosis":"k-and-acid-base-balance","which is true about the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons":"the-nephron","an increase in parathyroid hormone will":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion"},"endo":{"steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that they":"hormone-classes-and-action","which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","parathyroid hormone pth raises blood calcium by all of the following except":"calcium-and-phosphate","insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by":"pancreas-and-glucose","most endocrine axes are regulated chiefly by":"overview","hormones are":"hormone-classes-and-action","which of the following is not a function of binding proteins":"hormone-classes-and-action","the actions of protein hormones are usually mediated by":"hormone-classes-and-action","which statement best describes how steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells":"hormone-classes-and-action","the receptors for non steroid peptide hormones are found on the":"hormone-classes-and-action","oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone adh vasopressin are":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","which of the following best describes the primary antidiuretic action of antidiuretic hormone adh":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","oxytocin":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","anti diuretic hormone adh secretion is":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","the posterior pituitary stores and secretes":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","endocrine glands":"overview","the anterior pituitary":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","growth hormone":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","a person with acromegaly usually has":"endocrine-disorders","which hypothalamic hormone inhibits growth hormone gh secretion from the anterior pituitary":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","which of the following is the primary physiological role of prolactin":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","thyroid hormones t3 and t4":"thyroid-gland","which statement regarding thyroid hormone transport in plasma is true":"thyroid-gland","which of the following is a physiological action of thyroid hormones":"thyroid-gland","cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","cortisol helps the body respond to stress primarily by which mechanism":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","which statement correctly describes the regulation of cortisol secretion":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","aldosterone":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","blood calcium is elevated":"calcium-and-phosphate","increased parathyroid hormone pth concentration is associated with":"calcium-and-phosphate","parathyroid hormone":"calcium-and-phosphate","thyroid stimulating hormone tsh":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","which of the following best describes the overall effect of parathyroid hormone pth on plasma calcium and phosphate levels":"calcium-and-phosphate","which hormone is classified as a hypocalcemic hormone and is secreted by the parafollicular c cells of the thyroid gland":"calcium-and-phosphate","match the hormone with the function or feature choices a e hormone vasopressin":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","choose the correct statement":"thyroid-gland","a lower than normal concentration of plasma ca2 causes":"calcium-and-phosphate","which of the following is not consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism":"calcium-and-phosphate","match the hormone with the function or feature choices a e hormone acth":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","match the hormone with the function or feature choices a e hormone oxytocin":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","match the hormone with the function or feature choices a e hormone prolactin":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","match the hormone with the function or feature choices a e hormone luteinizing hormone":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","which is not a symptom of cushing s disease":"endocrine-disorders","tremors nervousness and increased heart rate can all be symptoms of":"thyroid-gland","which of the following could theoretically result in short stature":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary"},"repro":{"development of the testis is driven by the":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","after implantation the corpus luteum is maintained early in pregnancy by":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","which hormone is chiefly responsible for milk ejection let down":"parturition-and-lactation","in both sexes gametogenesis is driven primarily by which pituitary hormones":"overview","in a normal healthy 25 year old woman with a menstrual cycle of 28 days":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","a person with an xy karyotype who is outwardly female has no male or female internal duct systems and develops breasts due to peripheral conversion of androgens most likely has":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","which factor directly causes regression of the m llerian ducts during male sexual differentiation":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","in turner s syndrome":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","which of the following factors inhibits uterine myometrial contractions during pregnancy":"parturition-and-lactation","which hormone produced by the placenta is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","which of the following statements regarding the placenta is correct 1 the placenta allows fetal and maternal blood to mix 2 the placenta releases human chorionic gonadotropin hcg which maintains the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy 3 the placenta acts as an immunological barrier 4 the placenta contains enzymes to synthesize androgens from progesterone":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","which of the following secretes enzymes and citrate into the urethra during ejaculation":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","in a normal healthy male which of the following is not correct":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","which event directly establishes the block to polyspermy after a sperm successfully fuses with the oocyte":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","why is the timing of fertilization limited in humans":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","ovulation is triggered by a mid cycle surge of":"control-of-ovarian-function","which hormonal change triggers the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","implantation of the blastocyst occurs after fertilization in the":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","regression of the wolffian duct in females is due to the":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","at which stage is meiosis i completed during human oogenesis":"control-of-ovarian-function","during the early to mid follicular phase of the ovarian cycle which hormonal interaction is primarily responsible for increasing estrogen production":"control-of-ovarian-function","which statement best describes the functional significance of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle":"control-of-ovarian-function","at birth most of the eggs in a female s ovaries are in the form of when an egg is ovulated it is in the form of a an":"control-of-ovarian-function","the acrosome functions to":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","in the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","what is the primary mechanism responsible for movement of the ovum through the uterine tube":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","which uterine layer is the thickest and is composed primarily of smooth muscle":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","each mitotic division of a spermatogonium produces 1 and 1 which is destined to undergo meiosis":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","a single secondary spermatocyte":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","luteinizing hormone lh":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","indicate which day of the 28 day menstrual cycle is correctly matched with the event":"control-of-ovarian-function","which is true for the process of gametogenesis i e spermatogenesis and or oogenesis":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","which phase of the male sexual response is primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","where do sperm acquire motility and become concentrated after being released from the seminiferous tubules":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","which process is responsible for halving the chromosome number during spermatogenesis":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","which hormone secreted by sertoli cells functions as part of a negative feedback loop for fsh":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","which hormonal change is the primary trigger for the onset of puberty":"puberty-and-menopause","which cell type in the testes is primarily responsible for secreting testosterone":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","development of normal female internal and external genitalia requires":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","during the third trimester of pregnancy the placenta is not the primary source of which hormone in maternal blood":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","which is not characteristic of a normal postpubertal male":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","match the day of the menstrual cycle a e with the event 3 7 use each answer once event progesterone from the corpus luteum peaks":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","match the day of the menstrual cycle a e with the event 3 7 use each answer once event estrogen positive feedback is peaking":"control-of-ovarian-function","match the day of the menstrual cycle a e with the event 3 7 use each answer once event one follicle becomes dominant":"control-of-ovarian-function","match the day of the menstrual cycle a e with the event 3 7 use each answer once event estrogen and progesterone are both decreasing":"female-cycle-and-menstruation","match the day of the menstrual cycle a e with the event 3 7 use each answer once event increase in fsh stimulates antral follicles to begin to secrete estrogen":"control-of-ovarian-function","the leydig cell is primarily characterized by":"male-reproduction-and-spermatogenesis","menopause is characterized primarily by":"puberty-and-menopause"}},"c":{"cell":{"phospholipid bilayer":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","amphipathic molecule":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","cholesterol in membranes":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","glycocalyx":"introduction-to-cell-physiology-and-membrane","desmosome":"cell-junctions","tight junction":"cell-junctions","gap 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contain":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","how and why are chylomicrons absorbed into the lymphatic system rather than blood capillaries":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are the plasma and intracellular iron binding proteins and what is ferritin":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are the three sections of the small intestine":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are the major functions of the small intestine":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are the functions of the duodenum":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what is the function of the jejunum":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what is the function of the ileum":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are the epithelial cell types of the small intestine":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what are enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","what do goblet cells secrete and 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amino acid absorption":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","saliva composition and control":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","swallowing reflex":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","esophageal sphincters and peristalsis":"mouth-saliva-and-swallowing","pancreatic exocrine secretions":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","zymogen activation enterokinase trypsin":"pancreas-liver-and-bile","control of hcl secretion":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion","what are the consequences of lesions to the feeding center vs the satiety center":"overview","vitamin b12 absorption and pernicious anemia":"small-intestine-digestion-and-absorption","three phases of gi control":"regulation-of-gi-activity","gastric phase stimuli of acid secretion":"stomach-and-gastric-secretion"},"resp":{"surfactant":"surfactant-and-compliance","bohr effect":"o-and-co-transport","compliance":"surfactant-and-compliance","v q matching":"gas-exchange-and-v-q","central chemoreceptors":"control-of-breathing","tidal 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controls homeostasis of k in the body":"k-and-acid-base-balance","how do changes in extracellular k alter aldosterone and urinary k excretion":"k-and-acid-base-balance","what is intracellular fluid":"salt-and-water-balance","what is extracellular fluid and what are its components":"salt-and-water-balance","what is interstitial fluid":"salt-and-water-balance","what is osmosis":"salt-and-water-balance","what is osmotic pressure":"salt-and-water-balance","in an isotonic solution how do the osmolarities inside and outside the cell compare":"salt-and-water-balance","what does hypertonic mean in terms of osmolarity":"salt-and-water-balance","what determines the tonicity of a solution":"salt-and-water-balance","what is the body s volatile acid and how is it eliminated":"k-and-acid-base-balance","give examples of nonvolatile acids":"k-and-acid-base-balance","which nonvolatile acid is produced during exercise":"k-and-acid-base-balance","what is the normal ph range of extracellular fluid and 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reach":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","why does water move out of the medullary collecting duct and what is the result":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","how does the vasa recta help countercurrent exchange and preserve the medullary gradient":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","why does the kidney need to produce concentrated urine":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what are the five mechanisms that maintain the hyperosmotic medullary environment":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","describe the recycling and trapping of urea with percentages":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","where in the nephron is urea most important to osmolality and how much does it contribute":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what kind of flow occurs between the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of henle":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what happens to loop of henle osmolarity during water diuresis vs antidiuresis":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what happens to osmolarity in the distal convoluted tubule during water diuresis vs antidiuresis":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what is the normal isosmotic plasma osmolarity level":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","by the end of the collecting duct what two states can the urine be in":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what is the most concentrated and most dilute urine the kidney can produce":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what does a very dilute urine e g 30 120 mosmol l indicate":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what is the osmolarity of tubular fluid leaving the proximal tubule and why":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion","at what osmolarity is urine excreted during water diuresis vs antidiuresis":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what mass of solute osmoles must be excreted in the urine per day":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","how much urine is produced per day in extreme water diuresis vs extreme water restriction":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","how does countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta preserve the hypertonic medullary gradient":"medullary-gradient-and-concentration","what is the common range for renal clearance in ml min":"glomerular-filtration","rank the following from most to least filterable inulin na k cl glucose serum albumin hemoglobin":"glomerular-filtration","how is the transepithelial membrane potential created in the early proximal tubule":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion","what is unique about the transepithelial membrane potential in the thick ascending limb tal":"tubular-reabsorption-and-secretion","how is excess k removed from the body":"k-and-acid-base-balance","what types of stimuli and receptors on muscle cells increase na k atpase activity for k uptake":"k-and-acid-base-balance","how are the receptors on muscle cells that increase na k atpase activity signaled activated":"k-and-acid-base-balance","what is the 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barrier":"glomerular-filtration","what is podocin and what is its role in the glomerular filtration barrier":"glomerular-filtration","what are the two mechanisms of renal autoregulation and how do they work together":"glomerular-filtration","over what range of mean arterial pressure does renal autoregulation maintain a nearly constant gfr":"glomerular-filtration","what is the myogenic response in renal autoregulation":"glomerular-filtration","what is tubuloglomerular feedback":"glomerular-filtration","what is the step by step sequence of tubuloglomerular feedback when gfr increases":"glomerular-filtration","acidosis vs alkalosis definitions":"k-and-acid-base-balance","sources of h gain and loss":"k-and-acid-base-balance","volatile vs nonvolatile acids":"k-and-acid-base-balance","buffers and the major buffer systems":"k-and-acid-base-balance","kidneys vs lungs in acid base balance timing":"k-and-acid-base-balance","renal hco3 handling acidosis vs alkalosis 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functions of the endocrine system":"overview","steroid and thyroid hormones are which type of hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic":"hormone-classes-and-action","which type of hormone can cross the lipid bilayer by diffusion":"hormone-classes-and-action","where are the receptors for hydrophobic hormones located":"hormone-classes-and-action","peptide and catecholamine hormones are which type of hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic":"hormone-classes-and-action","where are the receptors for hydrophilic hormones located":"hormone-classes-and-action","how are hydrophobic steroid hormones synthesized":"hormone-classes-and-action","how are hydrophilic peptide hormones synthesized":"hormone-classes-and-action","outline the pathway of hydrophobic lipophilic hormone signaling and put these steps in order 1 complex binds the hre on dna 2 hormone binds receptor 3 protein is made 4 mrna is made 5 hormone diffuses into the cell":"hormone-classes-and-action","the camp second messenger system is an example of which type of hormone signaling":"hormone-classes-and-action","outline the signal transduction steps of the camp second messenger pathway and put these steps in order 1 g protein activated 2 hormone binds receptor 3 cellular proteins phosphorylated 4 protein kinase a activated 5 camp synthesized 6 adenylyl cyclase activity increases":"hormone-classes-and-action","what does adenylyl cyclase produce and what does that product camp do":"hormone-classes-and-action","what does protein kinase a pka do":"hormone-classes-and-action","how does caffeine affect camp and neural activity":"hormone-classes-and-action","what are the possible causes of chronic extreme thirst and frequent urination and what disorder must be ruled out first":"endocrine-disorders","besides the hypothalamus where else can neural tissue secrete hormones directly into the blood":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what is the infundibulum":"hypothalamus-and-pituitary","from which pituitary lobe are the posterior 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raas":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what is the function of juxtaglomerular jg cells and what stimulates them":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what would be an effect of removing the adrenal glands from an individual":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","outline the regulation of cortisol release the crh acth cortisol axis":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what are the actions of glucocorticoids cortisol":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what are the metabolic effects of cortisol":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what is cushing s syndrome and what symptoms would hypersecretion of glucocorticoids produce":"endocrine-disorders","what is addison s disease primary adrenal insufficiency":"endocrine-disorders","what are the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency":"endocrine-disorders","what percentage of adrenal medulla output is epinephrine versus norepinephrine":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","how are catecholamines epinephrine norepinephrine synthesized in the adrenal medulla":"adrenal-gland-and-stress","what are the actions 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their secretions":"pancreas-and-glucose","what are the actions stimuli and inhibitors of insulin":"pancreas-and-glucose","what is the difference between anabolism and catabolism":"pancreas-and-glucose","in what forms are the macronutrients absorbed across the gi tract":"pancreas-and-glucose","in what forms do energy substrates fuels circulate in the blood":"pancreas-and-glucose","in what forms is energy stored in the body and where":"pancreas-and-glucose","outline the regulation of blood glucose by insulin negative feedback loop":"pancreas-and-glucose","insulin stimulated glut 4 translocation leads to uptake of what and by which cells what happens if insulin action is defective":"pancreas-and-glucose","outline the regulation of blood glucose by glucagon and its actions":"pancreas-and-glucose","glucagon increases all of the following except gluconeogenesis in the liver protein breakdown in muscle glycogenolysis in the liver lipolysis in adipose tissue":"pancreas-and-glucose","what is diabetic ketoacidosis":"endocrine-disorders","what are the key characteristics and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis":"endocrine-disorders","what is diabetes mellitus":"endocrine-disorders","compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus":"endocrine-disorders","what are some oral medical treatments for type 2 diabetes":"endocrine-disorders","what is hypoglycemia and how does it affect insulin glucagon epinephrine and cortisol":"pancreas-and-glucose","outline the sympathetic adrenal response to low plasma glucose":"pancreas-and-glucose","what are the long term complications of diabetes mellitus":"endocrine-disorders","a 24 year old man has glucosuria incessant thirst polyphagia with 15 lb weight loss over a month and blood glucose 23 mmol l does he have diabetes and which type what is the cause and how should it be treated":"endocrine-disorders","how are triglycerides transported in the blood":"pancreas-and-glucose","what plasma substance signals the brain toward satiety when its 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postabsorptive":"pancreas-and-glucose","sources of plasma glucose in fasting":"pancreas-and-glucose","ketone bodies ketogenesis":"pancreas-and-glucose","thermoregulation":"overview","heat production vs heat loss responses":"overview","fever":"overview","hyperthermia vs fever":"overview","counterregulatory glucose counterregulatory hormones":"pancreas-and-glucose","epinephrine metabolic effects":"pancreas-and-glucose","metabolic rate total energy expenditure":"overview","basal metabolic rate bmr":"thyroid-gland","leptin energy balance":"overview"},"repro":{"sry gene":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","hcg":"pregnancy-and-fertilisation","oxytocin":"parturition-and-lactation","gonadotropins":"overview","gametes":"overview","mitosis":"overview","meiosis":"overview","sex determination":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","genotype":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","sex 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functional":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what is karyotyping":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","give examples of chromosomal sex abnormalities and what they cause":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what are examples of a mismatch between sexual genotype and phenotype":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what determines whether testes or ovaries develop":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","when do gonads remain undifferentiated in uterine life and when do testes develop":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what chromosome and gene trigger testis development and what does the gene product do":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","from what common embryonic structure do the male and female gonads derive":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what are the undifferentiated fetal reproductive tracts and which persists in each sex":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","do the wolffian and m llerian duct systems give rise to internal or external genitalia":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what two hormones do the fetal testes secrete and what does each do":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what does dht dihydrotestosterone do in development and what happens if it is absent":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what stimulates testicular descent and what is cryptorchidism":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","what occurs in the female fetus in the absence of testes":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","describe androgen insensitivity syndrome testicular feminization":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia and its treatment":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","how does the brain show sexual differentiation":"sex-determination-and-differentiation","from what structures are androgens synthesized and are adrenal androgens potent":"overview","what is the more potent metabolite of testosterone and how is it formed":"overview","what are the three major 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